Statistical process control monitors process what?
A Employee wages
B Variation over time
C Supplier distance
D Machine color
Answer: B. Variation over time. SPC uses process data to distinguish common and special causes of variation.
Control limits are calculated from what?
A Process data
B Customer tolerance only
C Engineering drawing
D Supplier contract
Answer: A. Process data. Control limits reflect observed process behavior under statistical assumptions.
An X-bar chart monitors what?
A Defect count only
B Individual range only
C Process mean
D Machine availability
Answer: C. Process mean. An X-bar chart tracks subgroup averages.
An R chart monitors within-subgroup what?
A Range
B Mean only
C Defect fraction
D Cumulative cost
Answer: A. Range. An R chart tracks subgroup ranges as a measure of short-term dispersion.
A p-chart monitors what fraction?
A Defective units
B Defects per unit only
C Process average
D Range of measurements
Answer: A. Defective units. A p-chart tracks the fraction nonconforming in samples.
A c-chart monitors defect count when what remains constant?
A Sample size always changes
B Product dimension
C Inspection area or unit
D Process mean
Answer: C. Inspection area or unit. A c-chart counts defects per constant inspection unit or opportunity.
Cpk accounts for process spread and what?
A Supplier risk
B Mean centering
C Machine utilization
D Inspection cost
Answer: B. Mean centering. Cpk reflects both process spread and distance from the nearest specification limit.
Six Sigma improvement aims to reduce what?
A Customer value
B Machine capacity
C Product features
D Defects and variation
Answer: D. Defects and variation. Six Sigma methods use data to reduce defects and process variation.
Kaizen is a practice of what?
A Continuous improvement
B One-time restructuring
C Final inspection only
D Batch production
Answer: A. Continuous improvement. Kaizen promotes ongoing incremental improvement involving workers.
Poka-yoke prevents errors or makes them what?
A More expensive
B Harder to inspect
C Immediately detectable
D Part of normal flow
Answer: C. Immediately detectable. Error-proofing prevents mistakes or signals them as soon as they occur.
FMEA prioritizes risk using severity, occurrence and what?
A Detection
B Cycle time
C Inventory value
D Machine size
Answer: A. Detection. The risk priority number combines severity, occurrence and detection ratings.
A Pareto chart orders contributors from what?
A Newest to oldest
B Lowest cost to highest
C Largest to smallest
D Random sequence
Answer: C. Largest to smallest. Pareto charts highlight the few largest contributors first.
A cause-and-effect diagram is also called what?
A Fishbone diagram
B Gantt chart
C Control chart
D Flow chart only
Answer: A. Fishbone diagram. The fishbone diagram organizes possible causes of an effect or problem.
A check sheet is used to collect what?
A Machine power
B Product geometry
C Supplier pricing
D Structured observations
Answer: D. Structured observations. Check sheets record categorized data consistently at the source.
Total quality management is focused on what?
A Customer satisfaction
B Inspection department only
C Maximum inventory
D Machine speed only
Answer: A. Customer satisfaction. TQM integrates organization-wide improvement around customer requirements.
A quality management system standard is what?
A ISO 14001 only
B ISO 9001
C ISO 45001 only
D IEC 60034
Answer: B. ISO 9001. ISO 9001 specifies requirements for quality management systems.
Acceptance sampling inspects what to decide a lot?
A Every unit always
B No units
C Only the supplier
D A sample
Answer: D. A sample. Sampling results support acceptance or rejection of a production lot.
Corrective maintenance addresses what?
A Predicted wear only
B Detected failure
C Scheduled lubrication
D Routine inspection
Answer: B. Detected failure. Corrective maintenance restores function after a fault has occurred.
Total productive maintenance engages whom?
A Inspectors only
B Suppliers only
C Operators and maintainers
D Managers only
Answer: C. Operators and maintainers. TPM involves operators and maintenance staff in equipment care and improvement.
Predictive maintenance uses what to schedule intervention?
A Fixed calendar only
B Product forecast
C Customer complaints only
D Condition data
Answer: D. Condition data. Predictive maintenance uses monitored condition to identify developing faults.
MTBF measures average operating time between what?
A Repairs
B Inspections
C Orders
D Failures
Answer: D. Failures. Mean time between failures quantifies reliability for repairable equipment.
MTTR measures average time to restore after what?
A Production start
B Material arrival
C Calibration
D Failure
Answer: D. Failure. Mean time to repair captures restoration duration after failure.
Reliability is probability of performing without failure for what?
A Unlimited life
B Specified time
C Zero cost
D One inspection
Answer: B. Specified time. Reliability is defined for stated conditions and a specified duration.
Availability depends on uptime and what?
A Product demand
B Supplier count
C Repair time
D Machine color
Answer: C. Repair time. Availability reflects both failure frequency and time needed for restoration.
Maintainability describes ease and speed of what?
A Increasing demand
B Restoring function
C Reducing quality
D Changing product design
Answer: B. Restoring function. Maintainability is the probability of restoring an item within a stated time.