Joint-space motion specifies what directly?
A Only tool path
B Camera exposure
C Joint coordinates
D Payload center
Answer: C. Joint coordinates. Joint-space commands set individual joint positions or trajectories.
Cartesian motion specifies a path in what frame?
A Motor winding
B Tool magazine
C Battery frame only
D Task space
Answer: D. Task space. Cartesian commands define end-effector motion in workspace coordinates.
Trajectory planning defines position as a function of what?
A Payload mass
B Time
C Sensor type
D Tool color
Answer: B. Time. A trajectory specifies position, velocity and often acceleration over time.
Path planning selects a collision-free route between what?
A Two joint sensors
B Two motor phases
C Start and goal
D Two tool offsets
Answer: C. Start and goal. A path planner searches for a route from initial state to target.
Collision avoidance prevents contact with what?
A Coordinate axes
B Controller memory
C Obstacles
D Robot labels
Answer: C. Obstacles. Collision avoidance keeps robot links and tools clear of obstacles.
A trapezoidal velocity profile has what phases?
A Only constant speed
B Only acceleration
C Random reversals
D Acceleration, cruise, deceleration
Answer: D. Acceleration, cruise, deceleration. The common profile accelerates, travels at constant speed and decelerates.
Jerk-limited motion constrains what derivative of acceleration?
A Position only
B Rate of change
C Velocity only
D Torque only
Answer: B. Rate of change. Jerk is the time derivative of acceleration.
A servo loop corrects position using what feedback?
A Encoder signal
B Tool color
C Payload label
D Safety fence
Answer: A. Encoder signal. Encoder feedback closes the position-control loop.
Robot encoders measure joint angle or what?
A Position
B Material hardness
C Air pressure
D Battery capacity
Answer: A. Position. Encoders report joint position, and motion can be inferred over time.
Robot torque limits protect joints from what?
A Path planning
B Camera blur
C Overload
D Frame drift
Answer: C. Overload. Torque limits prevent excessive force and mechanical damage.
A tool center point is the reference point of what?
A Robot base
B End-effector tool
C Controller screen
D Safety relay
Answer: B. End-effector tool. TCP defines the operational point used for tool positioning.
Offline robot programming creates code using what?
A Only teach pendant
B Mechanical handwheel
C Hydraulic pressure
D Simulation environment
Answer: D. Simulation environment. Offline programming develops and simulates robot programs away from the production cell.
A teach pendant is used to move robot in what mode?
A Automatic production only
B Manual jog mode
C Emergency stop only
D Battery test mode
Answer: B. Manual jog mode. The pendant supports safe manual jogging and program teaching.
Robot motion instructions are interpreted by what?
A Safety fence
B Robot controller
C Workpiece clamp
D Tool changer only
Answer: B. Robot controller. The controller executes robot programs and manages axes.
A safety zone defines what area around robot?
A Restricted or monitored space
B Payload envelope only
C Tool color region
D Camera exposure range
Answer: A. Restricted or monitored space. Safety zones limit or monitor motion near people and equipment.
A safety-rated monitored stop stops motion while preserving what?
A Uncontrolled motion
B Maximum robot speed
C Tool release
D Drive power for monitoring
Answer: D. Drive power for monitoring. The robot stops while its position is monitored for safety.
A collaborative robot is designed to work near whom?
A Only another robot
B Hydraulic pumps
C No people
D Human workers
Answer: D. Human workers. Collaborative applications allow robot and human work in shared spaces with risk controls.
A force-torque sensor measures contact what?
A Only position
B Forces and moments
C Temperature only
D Camera focus
Answer: B. Forces and moments. Force-torque sensors measure loads at the wrist or tool.
Impedance control relates motion to applied what?
A Color
B Lighting
C Force
D Battery voltage
Answer: C. Force. Impedance control shapes the relationship between motion and interaction force.
Compliant robot motion allows what under contact?
A Unlimited speed
B No sensing
C Controlled deflection
D Infinite stiffness
Answer: C. Controlled deflection. Compliance lets the robot yield in a controlled manner during contact.
Force control regulates interaction force using what?
A Position only
B Tool color
C Open-loop timing
D Force feedback
Answer: D. Force feedback. Force control measures contact force and adjusts motion or torque.
Vision-guided robotics uses images to estimate what?
A Object pose
B Motor winding temperature
C Hydraulic pressure
D Gear backlash
Answer: A. Object pose. Vision systems locate parts and estimate their position and orientation.
Hand-eye calibration estimates transform between camera and what?
A Robot frame
B Battery terminal
C Tool magazine
D Factory floor only
Answer: A. Robot frame. Hand-eye calibration relates the camera coordinate frame to the robot.
A trajectory with smooth acceleration reduces what?
A Mechanical shock
B Robot reach
C Payload capacity
D Joint count
Answer: A. Mechanical shock. Smooth profiles reduce jerk, vibration and mechanical stress.
Redundant manipulators have more joints than what minimum?
A Required task DOF
B Payload mass
C Sensor number
D Tool count
Answer: A. Required task DOF. Redundancy provides extra joint freedom beyond that needed for the task.