A closed-loop control system uses output what?
A Feedback
B Only a fixed timer
C Manual drawing
D Mechanical stop only
Answer: A. Feedback. Feedback compares measured output with a desired reference.
An open-loop controller does not use what?
A An input command
B A power source
C A controlled process
D Output feedback
Answer: D. Output feedback. Open-loop control acts without measuring the resulting output.
A setpoint is the desired value of what?
A Sensor error only
B Actuator voltage always
C Controlled variable
D Machine mass
Answer: C. Controlled variable. The setpoint is the target value for the controlled variable.
Control error is setpoint minus what measured quantity?
A Process variable
B Actuator force
C Output power
D Machine speed always
Answer: A. Process variable. The error is the difference between reference and measured output.
A feedback sensor measures what for a controller?
A Desired setpoint
B Actual output
C Program title
D Power supply label
Answer: B. Actual output. Feedback provides the actual process variable to the controller.
A stable control system has response that remains what?
A Increasing without limit
B Always oscillatory
C Independent of input
D Bounded
Answer: D. Bounded. Stability requires that system response not grow without bound for bounded inputs.
Overshoot is output beyond what?
A Zero input
B Sensor range
C Actuator force
D Setpoint
Answer: D. Setpoint. Overshoot is the amount a response exceeds its target during transition.
Settling time is time to remain within what band?
A Specified error band
B Maximum speed
C Sensor noise
D Actuator travel
Answer: A. Specified error band. Settling time is when output enters and stays within a specified tolerance of target.
Rise time measures how quickly output reaches what fraction?
A Maximum actuator force
B Target range
C Sensor resolution
D Control bandwidth only
Answer: B. Target range. Rise time typically measures response between defined percentages of final value.
A PLC is designed to control what?
A Only office documents
B Consumer audio
C Mechanical drawings
D Industrial processes
Answer: D. Industrial processes. Programmable logic controllers automate machinery and industrial processes.
A PLC scan cycle reads inputs, executes logic and updates what?
A CAD geometry
B Inventory costs
C Outputs
D Machine foundations
Answer: C. Outputs. PLC scans inputs, runs the program and updates outputs repeatedly.
Ladder logic resembles which traditional diagram?
A Relay circuit
B Piping layout
C Gear train
D Stress plot
Answer: A. Relay circuit. Ladder logic uses rails and rungs resembling relay-control diagrams.
A microcontroller integrates CPU, memory and what?
A Gearbox
B Peripherals
C Hydraulic pump
D Machine frame
Answer: B. Peripherals. Microcontrollers combine processor, memory and peripheral interfaces on one chip.
A microprocessor usually relies on external what?
A Hydraulic circuits
B Memory and peripherals
C Mechanical gears
D Sensor calibration only
Answer: B. Memory and peripherals. Microprocessors commonly use external memory and interface components.
An ADC converts analog input into what?
A Digital values
B Mechanical rotation
C Hydraulic flow
D AC power
Answer: A. Digital values. An analog-to-digital converter samples and quantizes an analog signal.
A DAC converts digital data into what?
A Mechanical force
B Analog signal
C Hydraulic pressure
D Sensor resistance
Answer: B. Analog signal. A digital-to-analog converter produces a corresponding analog output.
GPIO pins can be configured as inputs or what?
A Gear teeth
B Hydraulic ports
C Outputs
D Temperature standards
Answer: C. Outputs. General-purpose input/output pins interface a controller with digital signals.
UART communication uses transmit and what data line?
A Clock only
B Chip select only
C Receive
D Ground only
Answer: C. Receive. UART commonly uses separate transmit and receive lines plus reference ground.
SPI communication commonly uses a clock and what selection line?
A Hydraulic return
B Analog ground only
C Chip select
D Pulse encoder
Answer: C. Chip select. SPI uses a clock, data lines and chip-select signals.
I2C communication uses serial data and what?
A Serial clock
B Analog output
C Hydraulic pressure
D Motor torque
Answer: A. Serial clock. I2C uses SDA data and SCL clock lines.
CAN bus is designed for what vehicle function?
A Hydraulic actuation
B Mechanical braking
C Fuel storage
D Module communication
Answer: D. Module communication. CAN allows control modules to exchange messages over a robust bus.
A real-time system must respond within what?
A Unlimited delay
B Manual approval
C A fixed distance
D Timing deadline
Answer: D. Timing deadline. Real-time correctness includes meeting timing constraints.
An RTOS schedules what?
A Time-critical tasks
B CAD features
C Gear ratios
D Hydraulic leaks
Answer: A. Time-critical tasks. A real-time operating system manages tasks with timing requirements.
A watchdog timer detects what condition?
A Sensor accuracy
B Software hangs
C Low gear ratio
D High coolant flow
Answer: B. Software hangs. A watchdog resets or signals a processor that fails to service it.
An interrupt requests immediate attention for what?
A A mechanical bearing
B A CAD drawing
C An event
D A toolpath color
Answer: C. An event. Interrupts temporarily divert processor execution to handle an event.