Mechatronics integrates mechanics with electronics and what?
A Geology and mining
B Textile chemistry
C Control and computing
D Structural drawing
Answer: C. Control and computing. Mechatronic systems combine mechanical elements, electronics, controls and computing.
A sensor converts a physical quantity into what?
A Mechanical fastener
B Power supply
C Gear ratio
D Usable signal
Answer: D. Usable signal. Sensors detect physical variables and produce signals for measurement or control.
An actuator converts a command into what?
A Data storage
B Physical action
C Calibration record
D Network address
Answer: B. Physical action. Actuators create motion or force in response to a control signal.
A transducer converts energy from one form to what?
A The same form only
B No output
C Another form
D A material property
Answer: C. Another form. A transducer converts one form of energy or signal into another.
An analog signal varies how over time?
A Only in binary steps
B Continuously
C Only once
D At fixed labels
Answer: B. Continuously. Analog signals can take continuously varying values.
A digital signal uses what value structure?
A Discrete levels
B Continuous amplitudes only
C Mechanical motion only
D Temperature gradients
Answer: A. Discrete levels. Digital signals represent information using discrete states or levels.
Sensor resolution is the smallest change it can what?
A Detect or indicate
B Calibrate automatically
C Transmit wirelessly
D Convert to torque
Answer: A. Detect or indicate. Resolution is the smallest input change that produces a discernible output change.
Sensor accuracy describes closeness to what?
A Reference value
B Repeated readings only
C Maximum range
D Signal frequency
Answer: A. Reference value. Accuracy is closeness of an indication to a true or reference value.
Sensor sensitivity is output change divided by what?
A Input change
B Measurement range
C Calibration time
D Noise level
Answer: A. Input change. Sensitivity is the ratio of output change to input change.
Calibration compares a sensor with what?
A Actuator load
B Control code
C Network switch
D Reference standard
Answer: D. Reference standard. Calibration determines the sensor’s indication relative to a known reference.
An inductive proximity sensor detects what materials well?
A Transparent liquids only
B Wood only
C Metallic targets
D Air pressure
Answer: C. Metallic targets. Inductive sensors detect conductive metal targets through changes in an electromagnetic field.
A capacitive proximity sensor responds to change in what?
A Magnetic flux only
B Capacitance
C Gear speed
D Temperature only
Answer: B. Capacitance. Capacitive sensors detect targets through changes in electric-field capacitance.
A photoelectric sensor uses what to detect a target?
A Hydraulic pressure
B Light beam
C Sound only
D Magnetic poles
Answer: B. Light beam. Photoelectric sensors detect interruption or reflection of light.
A Hall-effect sensor detects what field?
A Electric current only
B Pressure field
C Magnetic field
D Thermal gradient
Answer: C. Magnetic field. Hall sensors produce an output related to magnetic field.
An incremental encoder reports motion using what?
A Unique code at every position
B Fluid flow
C Pulses
D Temperature resistance
Answer: C. Pulses. Incremental encoders generate pulses corresponding to relative shaft movement.
An absolute encoder provides what position information?
A Relative pulses only
B No position
C Motor current
D Unique position code
Answer: D. Unique position code. Absolute encoders assign a distinct digital code to each angular position.
An LVDT measures what motion?
A Rotary torque
B Linear displacement
C Fluid pressure
D Magnetic field only
Answer: B. Linear displacement. An LVDT converts linear core displacement into an electrical signal.
A strain gauge changes resistance when what occurs?
A It deforms
B It rotates freely
C It changes color
D It is disconnected
Answer: A. It deforms. Mechanical strain changes the geometry and resistance of a bonded gauge.
A thermistor changes resistance with what?
A Pressure only
B Temperature
C Light only
D Shaft speed
Answer: B. Temperature. Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors.
A thermocouple generates voltage from what?
A Pressure change
B Linear displacement
C Temperature difference
D Magnetic rotation
Answer: C. Temperature difference. The Seebeck effect produces voltage related to junction temperature difference.
An RTD measures temperature through change in what?
A Resistance
B Capacitance only
C Inductance only
D Optical path
Answer: A. Resistance. RTDs use predictable resistance change with temperature.
A pressure sensor measures force per unit what?
A Volume
B Mass
C Time
D Area
Answer: D. Area. Pressure is normal force divided by area.
A load cell measures applied what?
A Temperature only
B Humidity
C Velocity
D Force or weight
Answer: D. Force or weight. Load cells convert force into an electrical or mechanical measurement.
An accelerometer measures what?
A Acceleration
B Displacement only
C Pressure
D Electrical resistance
Answer: A. Acceleration. Accelerometers sense linear or vibratory acceleration.
Signal conditioning can amplify, filter and what?
A Machine parts
B Increase sensor mass
C Change gear ratio
D Linearize signals
Answer: D. Linearize signals. Signal conditioning prepares sensor outputs for conversion and processing.