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3.6
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101.
What are thermoelectric materials, and how do they function?
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102.
What are shape memory alloys, and how do they work?
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103.
How do nanomaterials differ from conventional materials?
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104.
What are superconductors, and what are their applications?
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105.
What are biomaterials, and where are they used?
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106.
How does X-ray diffraction help in material analysis?
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107.
What is the purpose of metallography in materials science?
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108.
What are non-destructive testing (NDT) methods?
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109.
How is creep tested in materials?
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110.
What is fracture mechanics, and how is it applied?
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111.
What is fatigue testing, and why is it important?
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112.
What is impact testing, and what does it indicate?
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113.
How is hardness measured in materials?
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114.
What is the difference between tensile and compressive strength?
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115.
What are the common mechanical testing methods?
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116.
What is resistance spot welding?
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117.
What are the advantages of laser welding?
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118.
What are the common problems in fusion welding?
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119.
What is ultrasonic welding, and where is it used?
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120.
What is heat-affected zone (HAZ) in welding?
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121.
What is brazing, and how does it differ from welding?
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122.
What are the advantages of friction welding?
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123.
What is the difference between MIG and TIG welding?
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124.
What are the different types of welding processes?
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125.
What are smart materials, and how do they work?
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126.
How do polymers behave under mechanical loads?
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127.
What is the role of fillers in composite materials?
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128.
What are advanced ceramics, and where are they used?
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129.
What are the differences between natural and synthetic polymers?
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130.
What are the common applications of composite materials?
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131.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ceramics?
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132.
What is the difference between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics?
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133.
What are the basic properties of polymers?
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134.
How do coatings and surface treatments prevent corrosion?
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135.
What is electrochemical corrosion?
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136.
What is passivation, and how does it protect metals?
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137.
What are the methods of corrosion prevention?
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138.
What are corrosion-resistant materials?
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139.
How does temperature influence corrosion rates?
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140.
What is stress corrosion cracking (SCC)?
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141.
What is pitting corrosion, and why is it dangerous?
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142.
How does galvanic corrosion occur, and how can it be prevented?
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143.
What is corrosion, and what are its types?
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144.
How do defects influence the strength of materials?
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145.
What is ductility, and how is it measured?
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146.
What is creep, and how does it affect materials at high temperatures?
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147.
What is fatigue failure, and how can it be prevented?
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148.
What is fracture toughness, and why is it important?
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149.
What is the significance of recrystallization in materials?
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150.
What are the different types of strengthening mechanisms in metals?
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151.
What is the Hall-Petch equation, and how does it relate to grain size?
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152.
How does grain size affect the mechanical properties of materials?
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153.
What is microstructure, and why is it important?
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154.
What are the characteristics of superalloys?
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155.
What are the properties and applications of copper-based alloys?
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156.
What are the key properties of titanium alloys?
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157.
What are the advantages of aluminum alloys over steel?
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158.
How do alloying elements affect the properties of steel?
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159.
What is cast iron, and what are its types?
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160.
What are the differences between stainless steel and carbon steel
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161.
What are the differences between stainless steel and carbon steel?
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162.
What are the key properties of steel alloys?
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163.
What is an alloy, and why are alloys preferred over pure metals?
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164.
What are the effects of heat treatment on microstructure?
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165.
What is the difference between induction hardening and flame hardening?
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166.
What is nitriding, and how does it improve surface hardness?
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167.
What is case hardening, and what are its types?
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168.
What is austempering, and how does it differ from conventional quenching?
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169.
What is tempering, and why is it necessary after quenching?
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170.
What is quenching, and how does it affect steel?
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171.
What is normalizing, and how does it improve mechanical properties?
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172.
Explain the process of annealing and its types.
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173.
What is heat treatment, and why is it done?
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174.
Explain the iron-carbon phase diagram?
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175.
What is the significance of dislocations in materials?
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176.
What is martensitic transformation?
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177.
How does alloying affect phase transformations?
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178.
What is the role of phase transformations in metallurgy?
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179.
What are isothermal transformation diagrams (TTT diagrams)?
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180.
What is Gibbs phase rule and its significance?
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181.
How do phase diagrams help in material selection?
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182.
What is the difference between solidus and liquidus lines?
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183.
What are eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, and peritectoid reactions?
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184.
What is a phase diagram, and why is it important?
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185.
What are point, line, and surface defects in crystals?
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186.
How do Miller indices define crystallographic planes and directions?
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187.
What is a unit cell in crystallography?
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188.
What are lattice parameters, and how are they measured?
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189.
How does the arrangement of atoms affect material properties?
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190.
What is atomic packing factor (APF), and how is it calculated?
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191.
What is the difference between FCC, BCC, and HCP structures?
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192.
What are the different types of crystal structures?
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193.
What is a crystal structure in materials science?