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2.12

101. How is pump performance tested?
102. What are the different types of water turbines?
103. What is the principle of a reciprocating pump?
104. What is Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?
105. What is cavitation, and how does it affect pump performance?
106. What is the difference between positive displacement and dynamic pumps?
107. What is the efficiency of a pump?
108. What is a centrifugal pump, and how is it classified?
109. What is a hydraulic turbine, and how does it work?
110. What are hydraulic machines, and what are their types?
111. What is the difference between series and parallel pipe systems?
112. How does flow rate vary with pipe diameter?
113. What is the Hazen-Williams equation?
114. What are the applications of the Hardy-Cross method in pipe networks?
115. What is a siphon, and how does it work?
116. What is water hammer, and how is it controlled?
117. What is the function of surge tanks in pipelines?
118. How is pipe friction calculated?
119. What are the different types of pipe fittings and their effects on flow?
120. What is major and minor head loss in pipes?
121. What is specific energy in open channel flow?
122. What is gradually varied flow, and how is it analyzed?
123. What are energy and momentum principles in open channels?
124. What are the applications of the Froude number in open channel flow?
125. How does hydraulic jump occur?
126. What is Manning’s equation, and how is it used?
127. What are the different types of open channel flow?
128. What is critical depth, and why is it important?
129. What is uniform and non-uniform flow in open channels?
130. What is open channel flow, and how does it differ from pipe flow?
131. What is the function of a notch in flow measurement?
132. What is the principle of flow measurement using an ultrasonic flow meter?
133. What is the difference between a sharp-crested weir and a broad-crested weir?
134. How does a weir measure flow in open channels?
135. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Venturi meter?
136. What is the working principle of a rotameter?
137. What is a Venturi meter, and how is it used?
138. What is the principle of an orifice meter?
139. How does a Pitot tube work?
140. What are the different types of flow measurement devices?
141. What are the methods of reducing drag using boundary layer control?
142. What is the velocity profile in a boundary layer?
143. Explain the concept of the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
144. What is the momentum thickness of a boundary layer?
145. What is displacement thickness in boundary layer theory?
146. What are boundary layer separation and control methods?
147. How does the boundary layer develop along a flat plate?
148. What is the significance of the boundary layer in engineering applications?
149. What are the different types of boundary layers?
150. What is the boundary layer in fluid mechanics?
151. What is the significance of turbulence intensity?
152. What is Darcy-Weisbach equation, and how is it used?
153. What is the Moody diagram, and how is it used?
154. How does pressure drop vary between laminar and turbulent flow?
155. Explain the concept of eddies in turbulent flow.
156. What is flow separation, and why does it occur?
157. What are the characteristics of turbulent flow?
158. What is the Reynolds number, and what are its critical values?
159. What is turbulent flow, and how is it characterized?
160. What is laminar flow, and when does it occur?
161. What is the concept of head loss in pipe flow?
162. Explain the significance of the Euler equation in fluid mechanics.
163. What is the role of Reynolds number in fluid flow classification?
164. What is the principle of energy grade lines and hydraulic grade lines?
165. How is energy conserved in fluid flow?
166. What is the momentum equation, and how is it applied?
167. What are the forces acting on a fluid element in motion?
168. What is the difference between ideal and real fluids?
169. What are practical applications of Bernoulli’s theorem?
170. What is Bernoulli’s equation, and what assumptions are made in its derivation?
171. What is circulation and vorticity in fluid mechanics?
172. Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform flow.
173. Differentiate between steady and unsteady flow.
174. What is the continuity equation, and how is it derived?
175. Explain the concept of the stream function and velocity potential.
176. What is the principle of conservation of mass in fluid mechanics?
177. What is acceleration in fluid motion, and how is it classified?
178. What is the velocity field in fluid mechanics?
179. Define streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines.
180. What is the difference between Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of fluid flow?
181. Explain hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces.
182. What is metacentric height, and why is it important for stability?
183. What is buoyancy, and how does Archimedes’ principle work?
184. What are the conditions for static equilibrium of submerged and floating bodies?
185. What is the center of pressure, and how is it determined?
186. What is a manometer, and how is it used to measure pressure?
187. Explain the concept of absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and atmospheric pressure.
188. What is pressure, and how does it vary with depth in a fluid?
189. What is the hydrostatic equation, and how is it derived?
190. What is Pascal’s law, and how is it applied in engineering?
191. Explain vapor pressure and its significance in fluid mechanics.
192. What is bulk modulus, and how does it relate to fluid compressibility?
193. Define density, specific weight, specific gravity, and their significance.
194. What is capillarity, and where is it observed in civil engineering applications?
195. How does temperature affect the viscosity of liquids and gases?
196. What is surface tension, and how does it influence fluid behavior?
197. What is viscosity, and how does it affect fluid flow?
198. How do liquids and gases differ in terms of fluid mechanics?
199. What are the basic properties of fluids?
200. What is fluid mechanics, and why is it important in civil engineering?

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