Short Answer:
The principles of surveying are fundamental rules that ensure accurate measurements and reliable results. The two main principles are:
- Working from whole to part – Large areas are first surveyed and divided into smaller sections to avoid errors.
- Fixing points with minimum measurements – Survey points should be located using the least number of measurements to ensure accuracy and efficiency.
These principles help prevent mistakes, improve precision, and make surveying more systematic in civil engineering projects.
Detailed Explanation:
Surveying is a crucial process in civil engineering, and it follows certain principles to ensure accuracy and reliability. These principles guide surveyors in collecting correct data for planning, construction, and land mapping.
- Principle of Working from Whole to Part:
- This principle ensures that errors are minimized by surveying the larger area first before breaking it down into smaller sections.
- Large control points are first established, and then smaller details are measured within those points.
- It helps prevent accumulation of errors and ensures that mistakes in one part do not affect the entire survey.
- For example, in a city planning project, the entire city is first mapped with main control points before surveying streets and buildings.
- Principle of Fixing Points with Minimum Measurements:
- Each survey point should be located using the minimum number of measurements needed to ensure accuracy.
- This reduces time, effort, and potential mistakes while keeping the survey data simple and clear.
- The most common methods used are triangulation and traversing, where survey points are fixed based on known reference points.
- For example, in road construction, points are marked using a minimum number of reference lines to achieve accuracy with fewer calculations.
Other Supporting Principles:
- Consistency of Measurements:
- All measurements should be consistent and taken under similar conditions to avoid errors.
- Avoiding Accumulation of Errors:
- Small errors in measurements should not be allowed to grow, as they can lead to large inaccuracies.
- Proper Use of Instruments:
- Surveying instruments should be correctly calibrated and maintained for accurate results.
Conclusion:
The two main principles of surveying, working from whole to part and fixing points with minimum measurements, help ensure accurate and efficient data collection. These principles reduce errors and make surveying more effective for construction, mapping, and infrastructure projects.