When many current sources feed a network, which method starts with node voltages?
A Mesh analysis
B Nodal analysis
C Power factor test
D Phasor addition
Answer: B. Nodal analysis. Nodal analysis uses node potentials and KCL to solve unknown voltages.
A four-node circuit needs how many nonreference node voltages?
A One
B Two
C Four
D Three
Answer: D. Three. Choosing one reference leaves three independent node potentials.
Which node is assigned zero volts in nodal analysis?
A Source node
B Load node
C Reference node
D Floating node
Answer: C. Reference node. All node potentials are measured relative to the chosen reference.
What law provides the current equation at a nonreference node?
A Kirchhoff voltage law
B Kirchhoff current law
C Faraday law
D Lenz law
Answer: B. Kirchhoff current law. KCL equates the algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a node.
Mesh-current analysis directly applies to which kind of circuit drawing?
A Nonplanar circuit
B Open circuit
C Isolated component
D Planar circuit
Answer: D. Planar circuit. A mesh is an elementary loop of a planar circuit.
In a planar circuit, what is a mesh?
A Loop with no inner loop
B Path between nodes
C Any open path
D A single branch
Answer: A. Loop with no inner loop. A mesh is a loop that contains no other loop inside it.
Which law forms the basic equation around a mesh?
A Kirchhoff voltage law
B Kirchhoff current law
C Coulomb law
D Ampère law
Answer: A. Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL balances the voltage rises and drops around a closed loop.
If adjacent mesh currents are both clockwise, their shared-branch current is what?
A Sum of mesh currents
B Difference of mesh currents
C Product of mesh currents
D Zero in every case
Answer: B. Difference of mesh currents. Clockwise mesh currents traverse their common branch in opposite directions.
An ideal voltage source between two nonreference nodes creates what?
A Supermesh
B Reference node
C Supernode
D Short circuit
Answer: C. Supernode. The two nodes and their connecting voltage source are treated as a supernode.
Besides KCL, what relation is needed to solve a supernode?
A Power balance only
B Current divider rule
C Resistance temperature law
D Source voltage constraint
Answer: D. Source voltage constraint. The source fixes the voltage difference between the supernode’s two nodes.
An ideal current source between two adjacent meshes leads to what?
A Supermesh
B Supernode
C Open-circuit test
D Voltage divider
Answer: A. Supermesh. The two meshes are combined for KVL around their outer boundary.
Which equivalent has a voltage source in series with resistance?
A Thévenin equivalent
B Norton equivalent
C Ideal current source
D Current divider
Answer: A. Thévenin equivalent. Thévenin represents a linear two-terminal network by a voltage source and series resistance.
Which equivalent has a current source parallel to resistance?
A Norton equivalent
B Thévenin equivalent
C Series divider
D Ideal voltage source
Answer: A. Norton equivalent. Norton represents a linear two-terminal network by a current source and parallel resistance.
How is the load connected while finding Thévenin voltage?
A Shorted across terminals
B Replaced by a battery
C Disconnected, terminals open
D Connected at rated load
Answer: C. Disconnected, terminals open. The open-circuit terminal voltage is the Thévenin voltage.
How is Norton current measured at the output terminals?
A With terminals open
B With infinite load resistance
C With terminals shorted
D With sources removed
Answer: C. With terminals shorted. The short-circuit terminal current is the Norton current.
When deactivating independent sources, an ideal voltage source becomes what?
A Open circuit
B Current source
C Short circuit
D Resistor of one ohm
Answer: C. Short circuit. Setting an ideal independent voltage source to zero volts makes a short.
When deactivating independent sources, an ideal current source becomes what?
A Short circuit
B Open circuit
C Voltage source
D Grounded resistor
Answer: B. Open circuit. Setting an ideal independent current source to zero amperes makes an open.
During superposition, which sources remain active?
A Only voltage sources
B Dependent sources
C Only current sources
D No sources
Answer: B. Dependent sources. Dependent sources remain because their values follow circuit variables.
Which response may be summed from individual source contributions?
A Branch current
B Individual powers
C Resistance values
D Source frequencies
Answer: A. Branch current. In a linear circuit, currents from separate independent sources add algebraically.
A 10 V source in series with 5 Ω transforms into which Norton current?
A 0.5 A
B 5 A
C 50 A
D 2 A
Answer: D. 2 A. The equivalent current is source voltage divided by series resistance: 10/5 = 2 A.
At the same output port, how do Thévenin and Norton resistances compare?
A One is always zero
B One is twice the other
C Their product is unity
D They are equal
Answer: D. They are equal. Source transformation retains the same equivalent resistance seen at the port.
Conductance is the reciprocal of which circuit quantity?
A Resistance
B Voltage
C Current
D Power
Answer: A. Resistance. For a resistor, conductance G equals 1/R.
For a resistive load, maximum power transfer occurs at which load value?
A Zero resistance
B Infinite resistance
C Thévenin resistance
D Twice source voltage
Answer: C. Thévenin resistance. For a linear resistive source, maximum load power occurs when Rload = Rth.
In a linear one-source network, doubling the source doubles what?
A Equivalent resistance
B Voltage and current response
C Circuit topology
D Number of nodes
Answer: B. Voltage and current response. Linearity makes voltage and current responses scale with the input source.
An equivalent network must preserve which external property?
A Internal component count
B Internal node labels
C Physical wiring pattern
D Terminal voltage-current relation
Answer: D. Terminal voltage-current relation. Equivalent circuits give the same voltage-current behavior at their terminals.