What is the primary purpose of a centrifugal pump?
A Displace air
B Increase water pressure
C Transfer mechanical energy
D Convert fluid energy to mechanical energy
A centrifugal pump uses an impeller to transfer mechanical energy to the fluid, increasing its velocity and pressure. It is widely used in applications requiring continuous flow of liquids or gases.
What type of turbine is typically used for high-head, low-flow applications?
A Kaplan turbine
B Turgo turbine
C Francis turbine
D Pelton wheel
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that is best suited for high-head, low-flow applications. It works by using high-velocity water jets to strike the turbine buckets and generate mechanical energy efficiently in such conditions.
What is the effect of a surge tank in a hydraulic system?
A Store water for later use
B Absorb pressure surges
C Measure pressure variations
D Increase flow rate
Surge tanks are used to absorb sudden pressure changes in a hydraulic system, such as those caused by valve closures. This protects pipes and equipment from damage due to pressure surges or water hammer.
In a hydraulic system, what is the primary role of the fluid?
A Generate heat
B Transmit power
C Regulate temperature
D Increase mechanical energy
In hydraulic systems, fluid acts as a medium to transmit power. The pressurized fluid flows through pipes and actuators to perform work, such as lifting, pushing, or driving mechanical components.
Which of the following describes a reaction turbine?
A Water flows over turbine blades
B Water is directed through nozzles
C Both pressure and kinetic energy contribute to rotation
D Converts kinetic energy to pressure energy
A reaction turbine uses both pressure and kinetic energy of the water to generate rotation. The flow pressure decreases as the water moves through the turbine blades, resulting in a reaction that turns the turbine.
What does a flow meter measure?
A Temperature
B Fluid density
C Pressure
D Volume of fluid passing through
A flow meter is a device used to measure the volume or mass of fluid passing through a pipe or duct. It is essential for controlling fluid flow rates and ensuring optimal system performance.
What is the most common use of a hydraulic gate in a dam?
A Regulate fluid pressure
B Control water flow
C Store water
D Generate electricity
Hydraulic gates are used to control the flow of water in dams and other hydraulic structures. They regulate the release of water to maintain safe levels in the reservoir and direct flow through turbines or spillways.
In a Pelton wheel, what converts the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy?
A Blades (buckets)
B Draft tube
C Nozzle
D Shaft
In a Pelton wheel, water’s kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy when the high-velocity water strikes the turbine’s blades (buckets). The blades are designed to efficiently capture the energy and cause rotation.
What is meant by the “head” in a hydraulic system?
A Height of water in a reservoir
B Maximum flow rate
C Energy per unit weight of water
D Pressure drop across a pipe
Head in a hydraulic system refers to the energy per unit weight of the water. It is often expressed in meters or feet and represents the potential energy available to drive turbines or pumps in the system.
How is the flow rate in an open channel typically calculated?
A Using Bernoulli’s equation
B By multiplying cross-sectional area and velocity
C By measuring pressure
D Using the specific speed formula
The flow rate in an open channel is calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of flow by the velocity of the fluid. This provides the total volume of fluid passing through a section per unit of time.
What is the effect of water hammer in pipes?
A Increased flow efficiency
B Damage to pipes and fittings
C Lowered pressure
D Increased velocity
Water hammer occurs when the flow of water is suddenly stopped, creating a shockwave that can damage pipes, valves, and other fittings. The rapid pressure change can lead to failures and leaks in the system.
What is the main cause of head loss in a pipe system?
A Fluid temperature
B Pipe roughness and friction
C Velocity
D Fluid density
Head loss occurs due to friction between the fluid and the pipe wall. This friction, as well as the pipe’s roughness, reduces the pressure and velocity of the fluid, resulting in energy loss in the system.
What is the primary function of a velocity diagram in turbine analysis?
A To visualize flow energy conversion
B To adjust blade angle
C To calculate turbine efficiency
D To measure flow rate
A velocity diagram is used to visualize the flow velocities at different points in a turbine, including the inlet and outlet. It helps engineers understand energy conversion and optimize the turbine design for better performance.
What is an example of an energy dissipating structure in open channel flow?
A Spillway
B Pump
C Hydraulic jump
D Surge tank
A hydraulic jump is a sudden decrease in water velocity, leading to a large increase in flow depth and turbulence. This dissipates energy and is commonly used in open channels to reduce erosion and control flow.
Which of the following best describes a “jet propulsion” system?
A Uses the reaction of water jet to move an object
B Regulates water speed
C Increases the flow velocity of water
D Converts water’s pressure into kinetic energy
Jet propulsion systems operate by expelling water at high speed through a nozzle, and the reaction force propels the vehicle forward. This principle is used in watercraft, jet skis, and certain turbines.