What type of pump is used to move fluids at low flow rates and high pressure?
A Diaphragm pump
B Reciprocating pump
C Gear pump
D Centrifugal pump
Reciprocating pumps are ideal for high-pressure, low-flow applications. They work by using a piston or diaphragm to displace fluid, delivering a precise volume of fluid per cycle, making them suitable for such conditions.
In a Pelton wheel turbine, what type of energy is primarily converted?
A Kinetic energy to mechanical energy
B Pressure energy to kinetic energy
C Hydraulic energy to electrical energy
D Potential energy to mechanical energy
In a Pelton wheel turbine, high-velocity water jets strike the turbine’s cups or buckets, converting the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy, which drives the generator or mechanical system.
How does cavitation damage hydraulic machines?
A By increasing system pressure
B By reducing fluid velocity
C By causing high friction
D By forming bubbles that collapse and erode surfaces
Cavitation occurs when water pressure drops below its vapor pressure, leading to the formation of vapor bubbles. When these bubbles collapse, they generate shock waves that can erode surfaces like impellers and turbine blades.
What is the main advantage of a centrifugal pump over other types of pumps?
A Precise volume displacement
B High‐pressure capabilities
C Simple design and continuous flow
D Ability to handle high-viscosity fluids
Centrifugal pumps are preferred for continuous, high-flow applications. Their simple design and the ability to handle a wide range of fluids with minimal maintenance make them versatile for many industrial and domestic applications.
What is a surge tank used for in a hydraulic system?
A Regulate flow rate
B Absorb pressure variations
C Store water
D Measure pressure
Surge tanks are used to absorb sudden pressure changes in a hydraulic system, such as those caused by rapid valve closure or changes in water flow. This helps protect pipes and equipment from damage.
What is the primary function of a hydraulic gate?
A Store energy
B Measure flow rate
C Dissipate energy
D Regulate flow and control water levels
Hydraulic gates are used in canals, dams, and reservoirs to regulate water flow and levels. They allow precise control of water release, ensuring safe and efficient management of water resources.
How is flow rate typically measured in an open channel?
A By multiplying velocity and flow area
B Using a pressure gauge
C By calculating the pressure drop
D By measuring water temperature
Flow rate in open channels is typically measured by calculating the velocity of water and multiplying it by the cross-sectional area of the flow. This provides the total volume of water passing through the channel.
What is the main purpose of a velocity diagram in a turbine?
A To calculate the efficiency
B To analyze the change in fluid velocity
C To determine water pressure
D To regulate water flow
A velocity diagram helps visualize and analyze the velocity of fluid as it enters and exits the turbine. This analysis aids in understanding the turbine’s energy conversion efficiency and optimizing its performance.
What happens when water reaches the spillway of a dam?
A Water is stored for future use
B Water is released to prevent overflow
C Water is pumped to the turbine
D Water is filtered
Spillways are designed to safely release excess water from a dam to prevent overflow. This ensures that the dam structure remains intact and prevents potential damage downstream from uncontrolled water release.
What does “head loss” in a pipeline system refer to?
A The energy lost due to friction or turbulence
B The decrease in water pressure
C The pressure drop in the system
D The decrease in water velocity
Head loss occurs when energy is lost due to friction between the fluid and the pipe walls or due to turbulence in the flow. It results in a decrease in pressure and flow efficiency.
What is the effect of a governing system in a turbine?
A Increases efficiency by adjusting the flow
B Measures flow rate
C Maintains a constant turbine speed
D Regulates water temperature
The governing system in a turbine adjusts the flow of water to maintain a constant rotational speed. This ensures that the turbine generates stable power output, especially when water flow or load conditions change.
What is the purpose of canal hydraulics in water management?
A Measure water temperature
B Manage water distribution
C Control the quality of water
D Improve water velocity
Canal hydraulics involves managing the distribution of water across irrigation or navigation canals. It includes controlling flow rates, depths, and velocities to optimize water use for agriculture or other purposes.
How is energy typically dissipated in a spillway?
A By converting potential energy into kinetic energy
B By reducing the water’s pressure
C By causing turbulence and increasing depth
D By increasing the flow velocity
In a spillway, water is released over a dam in a controlled manner, and as it falls, the energy is dissipated through turbulence. This reduces the kinetic energy of the water and prevents downstream erosion.
What does “flow distribution” refer to in hydraulics?
A How water flow is split across multiple channels or pipes
B The total volume of water passing through a system
C The energy conversion in turbines
D The allocation of flow rate across various channels
Flow distribution refers to the way water flow is divided among various branches or sections of a hydraulic system. Proper distribution ensures that all parts of the system receive the required amount of water for optimal performance.
What is the key characteristic of an impulse turbine?
A It uses pressure energy to rotate the blades
B Water flows tangentially to the blades
C It uses both pressure and kinetic energy
D Water flows axially through the turbine
In an impulse turbine, water is directed tangentially at high speed towards the blades, causing them to rotate. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy through the force of the water jets.