What is the primary function of a reaction turbine?
A To regulate water flow
B To convert kinetic energy into pressure energy
C To convert both pressure and kinetic energy into mechanical energy
D To only convert kinetic energy
A reaction turbine uses both the pressure and kinetic energy of the fluid to generate mechanical energy. The fluid’s pressure decreases and its velocity increases as it passes through the turbine, which rotates the blades.
What happens during a hydraulic jump in an open channel flow?
A Water velocity decreases and depth increases
B Pressure increases
C Water depth decreases
D Water velocity increases
A hydraulic jump occurs when fast-moving water abruptly slows down, leading to an increase in flow depth and turbulence. This phenomenon dissipates energy, converting kinetic energy into heat and turbulence.
How does energy dissipation occur in a hydraulic jump?
A The pressure remains constant
B Water accelerates downstream
C Water flows over a smooth surface
D The velocity of water decreases while its depth increases
Energy dissipation in a hydraulic jump occurs when high-velocity water decelerates quickly, causing a rise in water depth and creating turbulence. This process helps reduce the energy in the flow, preventing erosion downstream.
What is hydrostatics in fluid mechanics?
A Study of flow resistance
B Study of fluid at rest
C Study of fluid in motion
D Study of energy conversion
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with fluids at rest. It involves studying the pressure exerted by fluids and their equilibrium, especially in systems like reservoirs, dams, and closed containers.
Which structure is primarily designed to control water flow in a canal system?
A Hydraulic jump
B Spillway
C Flow control gate
D Surge tank
A flow control gate is designed to regulate the flow of water in canals by adjusting the amount of water released or diverted. It is essential for managing water distribution and preventing overflow in irrigation systems.
What is the primary use of a surge tank in hydraulic systems?
A Absorb pressure surges
B Store energy
C Increase water flow
D Reduce friction loss
Surge tanks are used in hydraulic systems to absorb sudden changes in pressure, such as those caused by water hammer or rapid flow changes, ensuring the stability of the system and protecting equipment from damage.
In an open channel, what determines the velocity of flow?
A Channel roughness
B Flow rate and slope
C Fluid density
D Channel depth
In an open channel, the velocity of flow depends on the flow rate and the slope of the channel. The steeper the slope, the faster the water flows, and a higher flow rate increases velocity.
How does a fluid coupling in a mechanical system function?
A Controls the fluid flow rate
B Regulates fluid temperature
C Transmits power using mechanical gears
D Smooths power transmission between shafts
A fluid coupling is used in mechanical systems to transmit power between rotating shafts. It helps in achieving smooth acceleration and deceleration by using fluid, reducing mechanical shocks during power transfer.
What is the primary feature of a Kaplan turbine?
A High head, low flow capacity
B Nozzle to direct water to the blades
C Adjustable blades for varying flow conditions
D Fixed blades
The Kaplan turbine features adjustable blades, allowing it to efficiently handle varying flow conditions. This makes it suitable for low-head, high-flow environments such as large-scale hydroelectric plants.
What is the main purpose of a hydraulic structure in a water distribution system?
A To generate electricity
B To regulate water flow
C To store water
D To measure fluid velocity
Hydraulic structures like weirs, dams, and locks are designed to control and regulate the flow of water in rivers, canals, and reservoirs, ensuring that water is distributed efficiently and safely to meet various needs.
In which scenario is a reaction turbine most efficient?
A High head, high flow
B Low head, low flow
C Low head, high flow
D High head, low flow
Reaction turbines are most efficient at high head and high flow conditions, where both the pressure and velocity of the fluid contribute to energy conversion. They are commonly used in large-scale hydropower plants.
What is the purpose of canal hydraulics in water management?
A Measure water temperature
B Manage water distribution
C Control the quality of water
D Improve water velocity
Canal hydraulics involves managing the distribution of water across irrigation or navigation canals. It includes controlling flow rates, depths, and velocities to optimize water use for agriculture or other purposes.
How is energy typically dissipated in a spillway?
A By converting potential energy into kinetic energy
B By reducing the water’s pressure
C By causing turbulence and increasing depth
D By increasing the flow velocity
In a spillway, water is released over a dam in a controlled manner, and as it falls, the energy is dissipated through turbulence. This reduces the kinetic energy of the water and prevents downstream erosion.
What does “flow distribution” refer to in hydraulics?
A How water flow is split across multiple channels or pipes
B The total volume of water passing through a system
C The energy conversion in turbines
D The allocation of flow rate across various channels
Flow distribution refers to the way water flow is divided among various branches or sections of a hydraulic system. Proper distribution ensures that all parts of the system receive the required amount of water for optimal performance.
What is the key characteristic of an impulse turbine?
A It uses pressure energy to rotate the blades
B Water flows tangentially to the blades
C It uses both pressure and kinetic energy
D Water flows axially through the turbine
In an impulse turbine, water is directed tangentially at high speed towards the blades, causing them to rotate. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy through the force of the water jets.