Why does preventive healthcare act before serious illness develops?
A Guarantee lifelong immunity
B Treat complications after they spread
C Reduce risk and detect early
D Replace all clinical care
Answer: C. Reduce risk and detect early. Prevention includes reducing health risks, detecting some conditions early, and limiting the effects of disease or injury.
Which example represents primary prevention?
A Finding disease early
B Preventing disease before it starts
C Reducing existing complications
D Rehabilitating after injury
Answer: B. Preventing disease before it starts. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs.
What is the main goal of secondary prevention?
A Provide end-of-life support
B Detect and treat conditions early
C Manage long-term disability
D Prevent all exposures
Answer: B. Detect and treat conditions early. Secondary prevention seeks early detection and timely action, often before symptoms appear.
Rehabilitation after a heart attack illustrates which prevention level?
A Primary prevention
B Tertiary prevention
C Primordial prevention
D Secondary prevention
Answer: B. Tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention helps reduce complications, disability, and further harm after a condition has occurred.
What is health promotion intended to enable?
A People to improve their health
B Communities to stop planning
C Clinicians to avoid prevention
D Patients to skip treatment
Answer: A. People to improve their health. WHO describes health promotion as enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.
How should preventive advice be tailored to an individual?
A Use the same plan always
B Ignore family history
C Choose tests by popularity
D Consider needs, risks, and preferences
Answer: D. Consider needs, risks, and preferences. Preventive care should consider a person’s age, history, risks, preferences, and applicable local guidance.
Which is an example of a modifiable health risk factor?
A Age at birth
B Inherited blood type
C Family ancestry
D Tobacco use
Answer: D. Tobacco use. Some risk factors, such as tobacco use, can be changed or reduced; others, such as age or inherited traits, cannot.
Which factor can inform personalized screening discussions?
A Favorite color
B Daily commute route
C Preferred clinic logo
D Family health history
Answer: D. Family health history. Family history can affect a person’s risk and may inform a conversation with a qualified health professional.
What is a useful purpose of a preventive health visit?
A Guarantee no illness develops
B Order every available test
C Replace symptom evaluation
D Review risks and preventive needs
Answer: D. Review risks and preventive needs. A preventive visit can review health history, risks, recommended services, and questions with a health professional.
How should people decide whether to have a screening test?
A Follow online trends
B Avoid asking about follow-up
C Assume every test helps
D Discuss benefits and possible harms
Answer: D. Discuss benefits and possible harms. Screening decisions should consider evidence, potential benefits and harms, personal risk, and the care pathway after results.
Who is generally the target of screening?
A Only emergency cases
B Only confirmed patients
C People without symptoms
D People in rehabilitation
Answer: C. People without symptoms. Screening tests are generally offered to people without symptoms to identify those who may need further assessment.
What does a positive screening result mean?
A Treatment is always required
B The test was definitely wrong
C A diagnosis is confirmed
D Further assessment may be needed
Answer: D. Further assessment may be needed. A positive screening result identifies possible risk or disease and usually requires diagnostic assessment; it is not itself a diagnosis.
When a healthy person tests positive without disease, what is this result?
A True positive
B False positive
C False negative
D True negative
Answer: B. False positive. A false positive is a positive result in someone who does not have the condition.
What is a false negative screening result?
A Correct positive result
B Positive result without disease
C Negative result despite disease
D Correct negative result
Answer: C. Negative result despite disease. A false negative occurs when the test is negative even though the condition is present.
What can overdiagnosis mean in screening?
A Treating only severe illness
B Preventing a false positive
C Finding disease unlikely to harm
D Missing every early case
Answer: C. Finding disease unlikely to harm. Overdiagnosis is finding a condition that would not have caused symptoms or harm during a person’s lifetime.
Why should screening programs be evaluated?
A Check benefits against harms
B Avoid follow-up planning
C Ensure every person tests positive
D Increase testing without evidence
Answer: A. Check benefits against harms. Screening programs should be supported by evidence that benefits outweigh potential harms and that follow-up care is available.
Someone develops a concerning symptom after a negative screen. What should they do?
A Wait for another screening round
B Ignore worsening symptoms
C Assume disease is impossible
D Seek clinical assessment
Answer: D. Seek clinical assessment. Screening is not a diagnostic test for every symptom; a new or persistent concern deserves clinical assessment.
What is the purpose of early diagnosis for symptomatic illness?
A Screen people without symptoms
B Start assessment and care promptly
C Avoid clinical evaluation
D Wait for routine screening
Answer: B. Start assessment and care promptly. Early diagnosis focuses on people with symptoms and aims to reduce delays in evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Which action can lower preventable health risks from tobacco?
A Switch to unverified products
B Wait until illness appears
C Seek support to quit
D Increase secondhand exposure
Answer: C. Seek support to quit. Evidence-based behavioral and clinical support can help people who want to quit tobacco.
How can a health professional support tobacco cessation?
A Offer behavioral support and referral
B Blame the person
C Promise instant success
D Discourage follow-up
Answer: A. Offer behavioral support and referral. WHO recommends comprehensive tobacco cessation support, including behavioral interventions and appropriate treatment options.
Why should communities reduce secondhand smoke exposure?
A It improves indoor air
B It can harm non-smokers
C It replaces tobacco control
D It protects children fully
Answer: B. It can harm non-smokers. Secondhand smoke exposure is harmful, so smoke-free environments protect people who do not use tobacco.
Which everyday activity contributes to preventive health?
A Replacing sleep with exercise
B Avoiding all movement
C Exercising through severe pain
D Regular physical activity
Answer: D. Regular physical activity. Regular physical activity supports health and can reduce the risk of several chronic conditions; activity should suit individual abilities.
What pattern supports a healthy diet?
A Only one food group
B Mostly highly processed foods
C Frequent sugary drinks
D Varied, nutritious foods
Answer: D. Varied, nutritious foods. WHO guidance supports diverse diets including fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains, and other nutritious foods.
Why is dietary variety useful?
A Broader nutrient variety
B Replaces medical care
C Guarantees disease prevention
D Removes every food allergy
Answer: A. Broader nutrient variety. Variety across nutritious food groups can help meet nutrient needs as part of an overall healthy diet.
How can people reduce long periods of inactivity?
A Add movement throughout the day
B Exercise only once yearly
C Avoid standing or walking
D Replace every break with screens
Answer: A. Add movement throughout the day. Regular movement throughout the day can support health; people can choose activities suited to their abilities.
What is the main purpose of vaccination?
A Replace all screening
B Prevent vaccine-preventable diseases
C Treat every existing infection
D Guarantee zero health risk
Answer: B. Prevent vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines help protect people from specific diseases before exposure and reduce preventable illness.
Which source should guide routine vaccine timing?
A Current national recommendations
B An old schedule from elsewhere
C A neighbor’s record
D A social media post
Answer: A. Current national recommendations. Vaccine schedules differ by country and population; follow current national guidance and consult a health worker when unsure.
Why can high vaccination coverage protect a community?
A It removes every infection
B It reduces disease spread
C It guarantees individual immunity
D It replaces clean water
Answer: B. It reduces disease spread. Vaccination can reduce disease transmission and help protect people who cannot receive certain vaccines.
How does hand hygiene support prevention?
A Interrupts some disease transmission
B Eliminates all exposure
C Treats established infections
D Replaces every vaccine
Answer: A. Interrupts some disease transmission. Hand hygiene can reduce transmission of some pathogens and works alongside other preventive measures.
When is cancer screening most appropriate as a public health program?
A When evidence supports net benefit
B Without diagnostic follow-up
C Whenever a test exists
D For every cancer type
Answer: A. When evidence supports net benefit. Screening is appropriate only for selected conditions and populations when evidence, resources, diagnostic services, and follow-up support the pathway.
Why must diagnostic follow-up be available after screening?
A Positive results need assessment
B Screening always confirms disease
C Follow-up reduces test accuracy
D Treatment is never needed
Answer: A. Positive results need assessment. People with positive screening results need timely assessment to confirm or rule out disease and discuss next steps.
What should someone do if a screening service cannot explain follow-up?
A Ask before deciding to proceed
B Accept every test automatically
C Assume follow-up is unnecessary
D Ignore possible harms
Answer: A. Ask before deciding to proceed. People should understand what results mean and what follow-up is available before making an informed screening decision.
Which preventive service can support oral health?
A Avoiding all oral hygiene
B Routine dental assessment
C Dental care only after pain
D Using another person’s treatment
Answer: B. Routine dental assessment. Preventive dental care and good oral hygiene can help identify and reduce oral health problems.
What daily habit helps prevent tooth decay?
A Brush with fluoride toothpaste
B Use sugar as a rinse
C Share toothbrushes
D Avoid dental advice
Answer: A. Brush with fluoride toothpaste. Brushing with fluoride toothpaste is a widely recommended way to help prevent tooth decay.
How can people lower preventable skin damage from sunlight?
A Use sun protection measures
B Seek intense midday exposure
C Avoid shade entirely
D Use tanning beds instead
Answer: A. Use sun protection measures. Sun protection can reduce exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation; choose measures suited to local conditions.
Why does adequate sleep belong in health promotion?
A It replaces medical treatment
B It cures every illness
C It supports overall wellbeing
D It removes all stress
Answer: C. It supports overall wellbeing. Sleep supports general physical and mental wellbeing, although sleep needs and problems vary among individuals.
How can preventive care support mental wellbeing?
A Dismiss ongoing distress
B Avoid discussing mental health
C Promote connection and early support
D Wait for a crisis
Answer: C. Promote connection and early support. Mental health promotion and early support can be part of comprehensive prevention and community health services.
Why can reducing harmful alcohol use be part of prevention?
A It removes medication interactions
B Alcohol prevents chronic disease
C It can lower health risks
D It replaces health screening
Answer: C. It can lower health risks. Reducing harmful alcohol use can lower several health risks; people can seek confidential support from qualified services.
Which preventive step is useful before a planned pregnancy?
A Use supplements without advice
B Discuss needs with clinician
C Skip routine health care
D Stop all prescribed medicines
Answer: B. Discuss needs with clinician. Preconception care can review health conditions, medicines, risks, and support needs before pregnancy.
What is one purpose of preventive child health visits?
A Avoid vaccination discussions
B Monitor growth and development
C Replace emergency care
D Guarantee illness never occurs
Answer: B. Monitor growth and development. Routine child health visits can support growth monitoring, preventive services, caregiver guidance, and timely referral.
Which measure can help reduce falls among older adults?
A Ignore vision concerns
B Avoid all activity
C Remove assistive devices
D Balance, strength, and safer spaces
Answer: D. Balance, strength, and safer spaces. Physical activity that supports balance and strength, along with safer environments, can help address fall risks.
How can cleaner household air contribute to prevention?
A Increase indoor smoke
B Close all ventilation
C Burn waste indoors
D Reduce harmful pollutant exposure
Answer: D. Reduce harmful pollutant exposure. Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution is an important environmental health measure.
What helps make preventive services equitable?
A Serve only nearby residents
B Offer one format only
C Ignore language needs
D Address access barriers
Answer: D. Address access barriers. Equitable prevention identifies barriers such as cost, distance, disability access, and language and adapts services accordingly.
Why should public health programs include community input?
A Match services to local needs
B Replace evidence with rumors
C Avoid discussing barriers
D Limit participation
Answer: A. Match services to local needs. Community input can make preventive programs more relevant, accessible, and responsive.
What can health literacy help people do?
A Diagnose every condition
B Replace a health professional
C Understand options and take action
D Avoid asking questions
Answer: C. Understand options and take action. Health literacy supports finding, understanding, and using health information to make decisions.
How should someone compare preventive options with a clinician?
A Choose by advertisement
B Discuss personal risks and preferences
C Ignore possible harms
D Assume one plan fits all
Answer: B. Discuss personal risks and preferences. Shared decisions consider evidence, personal risk, preferences, and the benefits and harms of available options.
Which statement about preventive screening is accurate?
A Useful for every condition
B It treats a positive result
C It complements, not replaces, diagnosis
D It rules out every disease
Answer: C. It complements, not replaces, diagnosis. Screening is one preventive tool for selected populations; symptoms and positive results may require diagnostic evaluation.
Why should recommended preventive care be revisited over time?
A Guidance never changes
B Needs and risks can change
C Past results settle every question
D Age has no relevance
Answer: B. Needs and risks can change. Health needs and risks change with age, circumstances, and new guidance, so preventive care may need review.
What is the broad aim of preventive healthcare?
A Focus only on disease tests
B Treat illness after damage
C Protect health throughout life
D Serve only high-risk patients
Answer: C. Protect health throughout life. Preventive healthcare combines health promotion, risk reduction, early detection where useful, and follow-up across different stages of life.
When a preventive medicine is recommended, what should a person clarify?
A Package color alone
B Only the brand name
C Benefits, risks, and instructions
D Whether others use it
Answer: C. Benefits, risks, and instructions. Ask the prescriber or pharmacist about the reason for the medicine, its risks and benefits, and how to use it safely.