Which operation converts geometric primitives into image samples?
A Shading
B Rasterization
C Modeling
D Compositing
Answer: B. Rasterization. Rasterization converts geometric primitives into fragments that can contribute to image samples.
In a raster image, what is one addressable sample called?
A Pixel
B Texel
C Polygon
D Vertex
Answer: A. Pixel. A pixel is an image sample at a discrete grid location.
Raster images store visual data on which kind of grid?
A Wireframe model
B Pixel grid
C Vector drawing
D Scene graph
Answer: B. Pixel grid. Raster images store values on a discrete pixel grid.
Before display, where are rendered color values held?
A Color buffer
B Vertex buffer
C Stencil buffer
D Index buffer
Answer: A. Color buffer. The color buffer stores the color result for framebuffer locations.
RGB additive color uses which three channels?
A Hue, value, shade
B Cyan, magenta, yellow
C Black, white, gray
D Red, green, blue
Answer: D. Red, green, blue. RGB combines red, green, and blue light channels.
Image resolution most directly states which information?
A Refresh rate
B Polygon count
C Lens distance
D Pixel dimensions
Answer: D. Pixel dimensions. Resolution describes the image grid dimensions, such as width by height in pixels.
Aspect ratio compares which image dimensions?
A Pixels per polygon
B Frames per second
C Width-to-height ratio
D Color-to-depth ratio
Answer: C. Width-to-height ratio. Aspect ratio is the width divided by the height.
Name the primitive bounded by three straight edges.
A Circle
B Line segment
C Triangle
D Point
Answer: C. Triangle. A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices.
At a primitive’s corner, what is the point called?
A Scanline
B Fragment
C Texel
D Vertex
Answer: D. Vertex. A vertex is a point that defines geometric shapes and primitives.
How can an object move without changing size?
A Shearing
B Projection
C Scaling
D Translation
Answer: D. Translation. Translation adds a displacement to position while preserving dimensions.
Object size changes under which transform?
A Clipping
B Sampling
C Translation
D Scaling
Answer: D. Scaling. Scaling multiplies coordinates and changes the object’s size.
In standard Cartesian coordinates, positive 2D rotation turns which way?
A Toward the viewer
B Along the x-axis
C Clockwise
D Counterclockwise
Answer: D. Counterclockwise. The conventional positive rotation direction in Cartesian coordinates is counterclockwise.
For a 2D point, which extra coordinate enables translation matrices?
A Surface normal
B Homogeneous coordinate
C Depth sample
D Texture coordinate
Answer: B. Homogeneous coordinate. Homogeneous coordinates add a third component, typically 1, for 2D affine matrices.
Outside the view volume, what does clipping remove?
A Light sources
B Texture colors
C Outside geometry
D Duplicate vertices
Answer: C. Outside geometry. Clipping discards or trims primitives outside the viewing volume.
After projection, which transform maps coordinates to screen pixels?
A Viewport transform
B Light transform
C Model transform
D Texture transform
Answer: A. Viewport transform. The viewport transform maps normalized or clip-derived coordinates into window coordinates.
Parallel lines are preserved by which projection?
A Panoramic projection
B Spherical mapping
C Orthographic projection
D Perspective projection
Answer: C. Orthographic projection. Orthographic projection uses parallel projection lines, so parallel directions remain parallel.
In perspective viewing, depth-directed parallel lines may appear to meet at what?
A Viewport corner
B Depth buffer
C Focal texture
D Vanishing point
Answer: D. Vanishing point. Perspective projection can make parallel lines converge at a vanishing point.
Visibility testing reads depth from which buffer?
A Depth buffer
B Surface material
C Texture scale
D Vertex color
Answer: A. Depth buffer. A depth buffer stores depth values used to decide which surface is nearer.
Why is a depth test used in hidden-surface rendering?
A Surface occlusion
B Color banding
C Texture wrapping
D Curve fitting
Answer: A. Surface occlusion. Depth testing rejects fragments hidden behind nearer geometry.
Uniform background illumination comes from which lighting term?
A Specular component
B Ambient component
C Shadow term
D Emission map
Answer: B. Ambient component. Ambient lighting approximates illumination arriving uniformly from the environment.
Texture mapping attaches what data to a surface?
A Vertex order
B Camera motion
C Image detail
D Polygon topology
Answer: C. Image detail. Texture mapping assigns image data to surface locations using texture coordinates.
Jagged edges from insufficient image sampling are called what?
A Occlusion
B Aliasing
C Morphing
D Tessellation
Answer: B. Aliasing. Aliasing occurs when sampling cannot adequately represent image detail.
Visible jaggedness can be reduced by which method?
A Anti-aliasing
B Wireframing
C Clipping
D Back-face culling
Answer: A. Anti-aliasing. Anti-aliasing uses filtering or additional samples to reduce edge artifacts.
Where does a Bézier curve begin and end?
A Tangent intersections
B First and last control points
C Bounding-box corners
D Middle control points
Answer: B. First and last control points. A Bézier curve interpolates its first and last control points.
Color depth usually counts how many bits per what?
A Polygon
B Vertex
C Pixel
D Frame
Answer: C. Pixel. Color depth is commonly expressed as the number of bits used per pixel.