Short Answer:

Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not contain iron. Ferrous metals are usually strong, magnetic, and prone to rust if not protected. Examples include steel, cast iron, and wrought iron. These are commonly used in construction due to their strength.

Non-ferrous metals, like aluminum, copper, and brass, are lightweight, do not rust, and are usually non-magnetic. They are used where corrosion resistance or lightweight material is needed, such as in electrical wiring, roofing sheets, and water pipes. The main difference lies in iron content, rusting behavior, and weight.

Detailed Explanation:

Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals

In civil engineering and construction, selecting the right type of metal is very important. Metals are broadly classified into two groups based on the presence of iron: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Both types are used for different purposes depending on their physical and chemical properties like strength, weight, corrosion resistance, and magnetic behavior.

Ferrous Metals:

Ferrous metals are those that contain iron as a major component. These metals are known for their high strength and durability. They are magnetic and are usually heavier than non-ferrous metals. The downside is that most ferrous metals are prone to rust when exposed to moisture and air, unless they are coated or treated.

Common examples of ferrous metals:

• Mild steel
• Carbon steel
• Cast iron
• Wrought iron
• Alloy steel (containing iron with added elements like chromium or nickel)

Properties of ferrous metals:

• Strong and tough
• Magnetic (except some stainless steels)
• Can rust if not protected
• Heavier in weight
• Cheaper and more available

Ferrous metals are widely used in construction for structural frames, beams, columns, reinforcement bars, and machinery due to their load-bearing capacity.

Non-Ferrous Metals:

Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron. They are usually lighter, more resistant to rust and corrosion, and are often non-magnetic. They are more expensive than ferrous metals but are very useful where lightweight or corrosion-resistant materials are required.

Common examples of non-ferrous metals:

• Aluminum
• Copper
• Zinc
• Lead
• Brass
• Bronze

Properties of non-ferrous metals:

• Do not rust
• Lightweight
• Non-magnetic
• Excellent corrosion resistance
• Good electrical and thermal conductivity

These metals are used in roofing, plumbing, electrical wiring, HVAC systems, and decorative elements. For example, aluminum is widely used for window frames, roofing sheets, and curtain walls due to its lightweight and rustproof nature. Copper is used in wiring because of its high electrical conductivity.

Key Differences:

1. Iron Content:
   Ferrous metals contain iron; non-ferrous metals do not.
2. Rusting:
   Ferrous metals can rust; non-ferrous metals are usually corrosion-resistant.
3. Weight:
   Ferrous metals are heavier; non-ferrous metals are lighter.
4. Magnetism:
   Ferrous metals are mostly magnetic; non-ferrous metals are non-magnetic.
5. Cost:
   Ferrous metals are generally cheaper; non-ferrous metals are costlier.

Conclusion:

The main difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals lies in the presence of iron and their behavior towards rust and magnetism. Ferrous metals are strong and widely used in structural construction, while non-ferrous metals are used where rust resistance, light weight, or electrical properties are needed. Understanding their properties helps engineers choose the right metal for safe and efficient construction.