Short Answer

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins using genetic information. In this process, the information stored in DNA is used to form proteins that are necessary for growth, repair, and proper functioning of the body.

Protein synthesis is important because proteins control almost all activities of living cells. Enzymes, hormones, muscles, and antibodies are made through protein synthesis. Without this process, cells cannot survive or perform life functions.

Detailed Explanation :

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is the biological process through which proteins are formed inside living cells. Proteins are essential molecules that perform many important functions in the body. They help in building body structures, speeding up chemical reactions, transporting substances, and controlling body activities. Because proteins are so important, the process of protein synthesis is essential for life.

The instructions for making proteins are stored in DNA. However, DNA cannot directly make proteins. Therefore, cells use a step-by-step method to convert the information present in DNA into proteins. This complete process is called protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation. These two stages work together to ensure correct and accurate formation of proteins.

Meaning of Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis means the formation of proteins from amino acids according to genetic instructions. The sequence of bases in DNA decides the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This specific sequence gives each protein its unique structure and function.

First, the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA. Then, this RNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein. This shows that protein synthesis is the method by which genetic information is expressed.

Steps Involved in Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis takes place in two important steps:

1. Transcription
   Transcription is the first step of protein synthesis. It occurs in the nucleus of the cell. In this step, the information present in DNA is copied into messenger RNA. An enzyme called RNA polymerase helps in forming the RNA molecule. The RNA formed carries the genetic message from DNA.
2. Translation
   Translation is the second step of protein synthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. During translation, the RNA message is read, and amino acids are joined together in the correct order. Transfer RNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome. These amino acids join to form a protein.

These two steps ensure that proteins are formed correctly according to the instructions in DNA.

Importance of Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is very important for living organisms. Its importance can be understood through the following points:

1. Growth and Repair
   Protein synthesis helps in the growth of new cells and repair of damaged tissues. New proteins are needed to replace old or damaged cells.
2. Control of Body Functions
   Many proteins act as enzymes and hormones. These proteins control chemical reactions, digestion, respiration, and other life activities.
3. Structure of the Body
   Proteins form important body structures such as muscles, skin, hair, and nails. Without protein synthesis, body structure cannot be maintained.
4. Immunity and Defense
   Antibodies are proteins made through protein synthesis. These proteins help protect the body from diseases.
5. Metabolism and Transport
   Proteins help in transporting substances like oxygen and nutrients. They also control metabolism inside cells.

Protein Synthesis in Different Cells

In plant and animal cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. In simpler organisms like bacteria, both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm.

Even though the location may differ, the basic process of protein synthesis remains the same in all living organisms.

Role of Protein Synthesis in Life

Protein synthesis is responsible for expressing genetic information. It connects genes with traits. Any change in protein synthesis can affect cell function and may lead to diseases.

Thus, protein synthesis is essential for survival, development, and proper functioning of living organisms.

Conclusion

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells produce proteins using genetic information stored in DNA. It involves transcription and translation and is essential for growth, repair, metabolism, and control of life activities. Without protein synthesis, cells cannot function and life cannot exist.