Short Answer

Anaphase is the stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate from each other. During this stage, the centromeres split and the chromatids are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

This separation ensures that each daughter cell receives an equal number of chromosomes. Anaphase plays a key role in accurate distribution of genetic material.

Detailed Explanation :

Anaphase

Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis and is one of the most critical stages of cell division. It follows metaphase and precedes telophase. During anaphase, the actual separation of genetic material occurs. This stage ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.

Before anaphase begins, chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Once proper alignment is confirmed, the cell enters anaphase and begins separating the chromosomes.

Separation of Sister Chromatids

The most important event during anaphase is the separation of sister chromatids. Each chromosome present at the metaphase plate consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere.

During anaphase, the centromeres split, and the sister chromatids become individual chromosomes. This separation marks the beginning of actual chromosome movement.

Movement Toward Opposite Poles

Once separated, the individual chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends, or poles, of the cell. This movement is carried out by spindle fibers.

Spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromosomes away from the center. At the same time, the cell elongates, helping increase the distance between the two sets of chromosomes.

This movement ensures that each pole receives one complete set of chromosomes.

Role of Spindle Fibers

Spindle fibers play a crucial role during anaphase. They are attached to the centromeres of chromosomes and are responsible for pulling chromatids apart.

Different groups of spindle fibers work together to move chromosomes and stretch the cell. Without spindle fibers, accurate chromosome separation would not be possible.

Ensuring Equal Distribution of Genetic Material

Anaphase ensures that genetic material is distributed equally between the two future daughter cells. Each chromosome moves to a specific pole, maintaining balance.

This equal distribution is essential for genetic stability. If chromosomes do not separate evenly, daughter cells may receive extra or missing chromosomes.

Anaphase Checkpoint

Anaphase begins only after the cell confirms that all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers. This checkpoint ensures that separation occurs safely.

This control helps prevent errors during chromosome separation and protects the organism from genetic abnormalities.

Importance of Anaphase

Anaphase is important because it directly determines the genetic content of daughter cells. Accurate chromosome separation ensures that cells function properly.

Errors during anaphase can lead to serious problems, such as abnormal cell function or disease. Therefore, precise control during this stage is essential.

Anaphase in Growth and Repair

Anaphase occurs in all dividing body cells. It supports growth by increasing cell number and repair by replacing damaged cells.

In single-celled organisms, anaphase also plays a role in reproduction by ensuring accurate division of genetic material.

Transition to Telophase

As chromosomes reach the opposite poles, the cell prepares to enter telophase. Chromosome movement slows down, and the division process shifts toward the formation of new nuclei.

Anaphase sets the stage for telophase by completing the separation of genetic material.

Conclusion

Anaphase is the stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. This process ensures equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. By accurately separating genetic material, anaphase plays a vital role in maintaining genetic stability, growth, repair, and survival of living organisms.