Short Answer:

Transition metals are d-block elements that exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. They are generally hard, shiny, dense, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

Chemically, they show variable oxidation states, form colored compounds, act as catalysts, and form complex ions. These properties make them important in industry, electronics, construction, and chemical processes.

Detailed Explanation:

Typical Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are the elements found in Groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table. Their partially filled d-orbitals give rise to distinct physical and chemical properties that distinguish them from other metals.

Physical Properties

1. High Melting and Boiling Points:
   • Transition metals generally have high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonding.
2. Density and Hardness:
   • These metals are dense and hard, making them suitable for construction and machinery.
   • Examples include iron, tungsten, and platinum.
3. Metallic Luster:
   • Transition metals have a shiny, metallic appearance, although they may tarnish when exposed to air.
4. Conductivity:
   • Good conductors of heat and electricity due to delocalized d-electrons.
5. Malleability and Ductility:
   • Can be hammered or drawn into wires without breaking.

Chemical Properties

1. Variable Oxidation States:
   • Transition metals can exhibit multiple oxidation states, often differing by one unit.
   • Example: Iron shows Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, copper shows Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺.
2. Formation of Colored Compounds:
   • Partially filled d-orbitals allow d-d electron transitions, producing colored ions and compounds.
   • Example: Copper sulfate is blue; potassium dichromate is orange.
3. Catalytic Properties:
   • Many transition metals act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
   • Examples:
     • Iron in the Haber process (ammonia synthesis)
     • Platinum in catalytic converters
4. Formation of Complexes:
   • Transition metals form coordination compounds with ligands due to vacant d-orbitals.
   • Example: [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻
5. Less Reactive than Alkali Metals:
   • They are moderately reactive, which allows industrial and chemical applications without rapid deterioration.

Other Characteristics

1. Magnetic Properties:
   • Some transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni) are ferromagnetic, useful in electrical motors and data storage.
2. Alloy Formation:
   • Transition metals combine with other metals to form strong and durable alloys like steel and brass.

Applications

1. Industry:
   • Iron, nickel, and chromium are used in construction, machinery, and tools.
2. Electronics:
   • Copper and gold are used in wiring and circuit boards.
3. Catalysis:
   • Platinum and palladium in chemical industries for hydrogenation and oxidation reactions.
4. Pigments and Dyes:
   • Transition metal compounds provide bright and stable colors in paints and glass.

Summary

Transition metals are characterized by high density, hardness, metallic luster, good conductivity, variable oxidation states, colored compounds, catalytic activity, and complex formation. These properties make them versatile for industrial, technological, and scientific applications.

Conclusion:

The typical properties of transition metals, including variable oxidation states, formation of colored compounds, catalytic behavior, and strong metallic characteristics, make them indispensable in modern industry, electronics, and chemistry. Their versatility ensures they remain crucial in technological, industrial, and scientific advancements.