What is the primary advantage of a reciprocating pump?
A Low energy consumption
B High pressure capability
C High flow rates
D Continuous flow
Reciprocating pumps are ideal for high-pressure applications. They generate pressure through a piston’s movement and are capable of pumping fluids at relatively high pressures, making them suitable for systems requiring such capabilities.
In an open channel, what does the “flow depth” refer to?
A Water pressure
B Water velocity
C Water temperature
D Distance between bottom and water surface
Flow depth is the vertical distance between the water surface and the bottom of the channel. It is crucial for calculating flow rate and understanding hydraulic conditions in open channels such as rivers or canals.
What is the main purpose of a hydraulic accumulator?
A Increase flow rate
B Measure fluid pressure
C Store fluid energy
D Control flow direction
A hydraulic accumulator stores pressurized fluid energy, which can be released when needed. This stored energy helps maintain pressure in hydraulic systems and provides extra power during peak demands or surges.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a centrifugal pump?
A No moving parts
B Variable flow
C High‐pressure generation
D Positive displacement
A centrifugal pump operates based on the principle of centrifugal force, and its flow rate can vary with changes in system pressure. It is not a positive displacement pump, unlike gear or piston pumps.
What is the role of a jet nozzle in an impulse turbine?
A To direct fluid to the blades
B To store energy
C To regulate flow
D To increase pressure
In an impulse turbine, a jet nozzle directs high-velocity water jets at the turbine blades, imparting kinetic energy to rotate the turbine and convert this energy into mechanical power.
Which of the following is a common effect of cavitation in pumps?
A Reduced flow rate
B Vibrations and noise
C Higher pressure
D Increased efficiency
Cavitation occurs when local pressure in the pump falls below the vapor pressure of the fluid, causing bubble formation. The collapsing bubbles create vibrations and noise, and damage pump components over time.
In a Kaplan turbine, what controls the power output?
A Pumping speed
B Water flow direction
C Blade angle
D Water temperature
The Kaplan turbine features adjustable blades that control the angle of the blades in response to water flow conditions. This adjustment allows for efficient operation under varying flow rates, maintaining stable power output.
What is the primary purpose of a control valve in a hydraulic system?
A To increase fluid pressure
B To measure fluid velocity
C To store energy
D To regulate flow rate
A control valve is used in hydraulic systems to regulate the flow rate of fluid, ensuring that the system operates within desired parameters and preventing damage from excessive pressure or flow.
What happens to the fluid in a reaction turbine?
A It changes direction multiple times
B Its pressure energy is converted to kinetic energy
C It loses velocity
D It passes through a nozzle
In a reaction turbine, the pressure energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy as it passes through the turbine blades. This action helps the turbine blades rotate and generate mechanical power.
What is “specific speed” in the context of hydraulic turbines?
A The speed of the turbine blade tips
B A measure of turbine efficiency
C A measure of water velocity
D A dimensionless number used for turbine selection
Specific speed is a dimensionless number that helps in selecting the most suitable turbine for a given application. It is based on the flow rate, head, and rotational speed of the turbine.
What type of flow occurs in a well‐designed spillway?
A Compressible flow
B Turbulent flow
C Viscous flow
D Laminar flow
A well-designed spillway ensures that water flows over it in a controlled turbulent manner, dissipating excess energy and preventing damage to the dam structure during high water events.
What is the primary purpose of a velocity diagram in a turbine?
A To visualize the flow of water through the turbine
B To calculate turbine efficiency
C To determine water pressure
D To regulate flow rate
A velocity diagram helps engineers visualize how water enters, interacts with, and exits the turbine. It shows the change in velocity vectors, assisting in understanding the turbine’s performance and optimizing its design.
What is the primary function of a hydraulic gate in a dam?
A Generate electricity
B Store water
C Measure water pressure
D Regulate flow and water levels
A hydraulic gate in a dam controls the flow of water, allowing operators to regulate water levels, prevent flooding, and manage water flow to turbines or other sections of the system.
What happens during a hydraulic jump in an open channel?
A Energy is added to the system
B Water speed increases
C Water flow transitions from high to low velocity
D Water depth decreases
A hydraulic jump occurs when high-velocity water slows down suddenly. This results in a rapid increase in flow depth and energy dissipation, often creating turbulence in open channels.
In a jet propulsion system, what primarily generates thrust?
A Velocity of fluid exiting the nozzle
B Fluid density
C Fluid temperature
D Fluid pressure
In jet propulsion, thrust is generated by the high-velocity expulsion of fluid through a nozzle. According to Newton’s third law of motion, the action of expelling fluid at high speed results in an equal and opposite reaction that propels the vehicle forward.