What is the primary source of water for the hydrological cycle?
A Rainfall
B Lakes
C Groundwater
D Rivers
Rainfall is the primary source of water that replenishes surface water bodies and groundwater in the hydrological cycle, driving processes such as runoff, infiltration, and evaporation.
Which of these processes contributes to water moving from the soil to the atmosphere?
A Evaporation
B Transpiration
C Infiltration
D Precipitation
Transpiration is the process by which water is absorbed by plant roots from the soil and released into the atmosphere through plant leaves, contributing to the water cycle.
Which factor does NOT influence the rate of infiltration?
A Vegetation cover
B Soil texture
C Precipitation intensity
D Temperature
Infiltration is mainly influenced by soil texture, precipitation intensity, and vegetation cover. Temperature may indirectly affect it but does not directly influence the rate of water entering the soil.
What is the term for water that flows over the surface of the ground?
A Infiltration
B Evaporation
C Runoff
D Percolation
Runoff refers to water that flows over the ground surface, typically after precipitation, which may eventually reach rivers, lakes, or oceans.
Which structure is designed to prevent river flooding by controlling water levels?
A Dam
B Levee
C Reservoir
D Canal
Levees are embankments built alongside rivers to prevent flooding by controlling the flow of water and protecting surrounding land.
What does streamflow measurement help with in hydrology?
A Predicting floods
B Estimating precipitation
C Measuring soil erosion
D Calculating evapotranspiration
Streamflow measurement is crucial in predicting floods by providing data on river discharge, which is used to model flood events and help in early warning systems.
Which of these describes a confined aquifer?
A Aquifer at ground level
B Aquifer with high permeability
C Aquifer under pressure between impermeable layers
D Aquifer surrounded by permeable layers
A confined aquifer is trapped between impermeable layers of rock, and the pressure in the aquifer often causes water to rise naturally when tapped, forming artesian wells.
What is the main aim of flood routing?
A Forecast flood timing
B Prevent evaporation
C Determine flood impact
D Manage water quality
Flood routing is the process of forecasting flood timing, magnitude, and peak discharge by analyzing the movement of floodwaters through river channels and floodplains.
Which of the following is a tool used for rainfall measurement?
A Anemometer
B Rain gauge
C Barometer
D Thermometer
A rain gauge is a device used to measure the amount of rainfall over a specific period, helping to assess precipitation levels and inform water management decisions.
What is an example of an impervious surface that affects runoff?
A Soil
B Forest
C Concrete
D Grass
Concrete is an impervious surface that prevents water from infiltrating into the soil, leading to increased runoff and potential flooding in urban areas.
What is the purpose of GIS in hydrology?
A Analyze streamflow data
B Model flood risks
C Store rainfall data
D All of the above
GIS (Geographic Information System) is used in hydrology to map, analyze, and visualize various hydrological data such as streamflow, rainfall, and flood risks, improving water resource management.
Which method is used to estimate streamflow from rainfall data?
A Hydrograph analysis
B Evaporation modeling
C Soil permeability test
D Temperature mapping
Hydrograph analysis is used to estimate streamflow from rainfall data by plotting the discharge over time, which helps to understand how rainfall impacts streamflow.
Which type of hydrological model incorporates randomness for predictions?
A Physical
B Stochastic
C Deterministic
D Conceptual
Stochastic models incorporate randomness into predictions, which is useful for simulating the uncertainty in hydrological processes like rainfall-runoff and streamflow forecasting.
What is the focus of ecohydrology?
A Managing water supply
B Enhancing groundwater recharge
C Studying ecosystems and water interaction
D Forecasting flood events
Ecohydrology focuses on the interactions between ecosystems and water, aiming to understand how water influences ecological processes and how ecosystems affect water resources.
Which of the following is a key factor in sediment transport in rivers?
A Temperature
B Vegetation cover
C Water depth
D Flow velocity
Flow velocity is a critical factor in sediment transport, as higher velocities are capable of moving larger particles downstream, affecting the sediment load in rivers.